On the site of the current Cathedral Basilica, a wooden church was probably built in the 12th century. In the 14th century, it was replaced by a single-nave brick church with elements of bog iron ore. The remains of the Gothic temple were discovered during archaeological research in 2015. The expansion to the form of a three-nave basilica took place in the second half of the 17th century, carried out by the Poncino brothers. The founder of the expansion, carried out "at a more magnificent expense than the king's", was Primate Maciej Łubieński.
Over the centuries, distinguished European artists worked at the Łowicz collegiate church, including Hieronim Canavesi, Jan Michałowicz from Urzędów, Giovanni Battista Falconi, Tylman from Gameren, Konstanty Tencalla, Karol Bay, Efraim Szreger, Szymon Bogumił Zug, Jakub Fontanna, Jan Jerzy Plersch, Adam Swach.
In 1992, the church became a Cathedral, and in 1999 it gained the rank of Basilica. In 2012, the Łowicz church was entered on the list of historical monuments.