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The Norman Castle of Squillace The Castle of Squillace dominates the village from the highest point of the hill. It was built by the Normans in the second half of the 11th century, at the end of their campaign to conquer Calabria against the Byzantines, who had occupied the region and southern Italy in general for over five centuries. During the Norman period, Squillace was the most important administrative, political, and religious stronghold on the Ionian coast. It was here that Ruggero d'Altavilla donated the lands where the Charterhouse of Serra San Bruno was built to San Bruno di Colonia. The Norman period was certainly the most important for Squillace, which experienced a period of great political-administrative, economic, and religious fervor. The early 13th century is fundamental to the history of Squillace: during this period, the settlement was first enfeoffed under a count and under the rule of a castellan. Under Frederick II, to whom we probably owe the construction of the polygonal tower on the eastern side of the enclosure, the Castrum Squillacii was held by a castellanus non habens terram and ten servients. The situation appears to have been the same in the Angevin era. From 1256 onwards, the castle was occupied by various families: the Lancia, the Monfort, the Del Balzo, and the Marzano, until 1485, when the castle returned to the direct control of Frederick of Aragon, the future King of Naples. In 1494, the castle passed through marriage to the Borgia family, whose marble coat of arms dominates the entrance portal. The Borgias, a very important noble family of Castilian origin, moved to Italy in the 12th century, where they settled in Florence, Perugia, Siena, Rome, and Naples. The marriage established the alliance between Pope Alexander VI and Pope John Paul II. Borgia and Alfonso II of Aragon: Goffredo Borgia, brother of the much more famous Lucrezia, just 13 years old, and Sancha of Aragon, the king's natural daughter, are married. The Borgia family ruled the castle until 1729, when, due to a lack of heirs, it again became part of the royal domain. Squillace was downgraded to Marchesato in 1755 and passed into the hands of the De Gregorio family, who held the castle until 1783, when a violent earthquake shook and destroyed the entire village. Text / Source: il Uoghi di Cassiodoro http://www.iluoghidicassiodoro.it/i-musei/il-castello-normanno-di-squillace/

Norman Castle of Squillace Norman Castle of Squillace The Norman Castle Squillace Castle dominates the panorama from the highest point of the medieval town, watching over the settlement and its surroundings. It was built by the Normans in the second half of the 11th century, at the end of their successful campaign of conquest in Calabria against the Byzantines, who had occupied southern Italy for over five centuries. The Norman period is certainly the most important for Squillace, which experienced a period of great political-administrative, economic, and religious fervor. The walls define the outline of the town, clearly visible from the serpentine roads leading from the beach to the upper part. From inside, there is a spectacular view of the town and the entire gulf. Despite the earthquake that struck Calabria and Squillace in 1783, the castle's structure, its stonework, and the embossed portal bearing the Borgia coat of arms are still clearly visible. The rooms of the small castle museum are very interesting: In the so-called "Warrior's Hall," among various other historical finds, the skeletons of two warriors from the 13th/14th century, discovered during an excavation campaign by the Ecole Française, are on display. Text / Source: turiscalabria.it http://www.turiscalabria.it/website/?lang=de&categoria=/wo/kusten/grune-flagge/&view_type=s&id=189&title=squillace.html

Scolacium Archaeological Park The Scolacium Archaeological Park and the adjacent Antiquarium (on the estate of Baron Mazza, with an adjacent olive mill museum) were built in 1982 in the village of Roccelletta di Borgia (Czech Republic) on a vast area of olive trees. The area includes not only the remains of the 11th-century Norman basilica dedicated to Santa Maria della Roccella, but also the remains of the ancient Roman colony of Scolacium, built in 120 BC on the ruins of the Greek colony of Scylletium. Excavations, which began in 1965, did not reveal any wall structures of the Greek city, but the unearthed abundant pottery and coin material dating back to the 6th century BC suggests a topographical overlap between the two cities. The material discovered is on display in the Antiquarium. The remains of Scolacium's city walls are much more significant: facing the sea is the Roman Forum, a large rectangular area paved with square tiles and surrounded by colonnades (Caesareum, Curia, and a thermal court), which also houses the remains of a small temple, a monumental fountain, and a courthouse. A large number of statues and portraits dating from between the first and third centuries AD come from this area. On the hill behind the Forum is the theater, with a capacity of 3,500 spectators, built between the first and second centuries AD. From the theater scene come several portrait heads from the Julio-Claudian and Flavian periods, as well as two large white marble statues of Togati. Recently, a second-century AD amphitheater, three thermal complexes, a necropolis, and an aqueduct have been identified above the hill. Text / Source: Ministry of Tourism, Territorial Marketing and Mobility https://calabriastraordinaria.it/luoghi/parco-archeologico-di-scolacium-borgia

Piazza Caduti, Soverato Superiore Monument to the Fallen / Memorial to the Fallen, in Piazza Caduti, Soverato Superiore Monument to the Fallen / Memorial to the Fallen, Soverato Superiore Remembrance of the Fallen of the First and Second World War. Corso Roma, 114-116, Soverato Superiore, Catanzaro, Italy

Statue of Our Lady of Sorrows, Soverato From the City Hall – September 15, 2017 Salita Beato Michele Rua, 88068 Soverato

Statue of the Madonna, Piazza Maria Ausiliatrice, Soverato Consecration of the City of Soverato To Mary Help of Christians, May 24, 2000 Marian Year 1954

Chiesa Santa Maria delle Nevi, Girifalco Mother Church of Santa Maria delle Nevi The Mother Church of Santa Maria delle Nevi in Girifalco, in the province of Catanzaro, is the town's most important parish church. Its origins date back to the 16th century, when it was originally dedicated to the Madonna delle Nevi, a title inherited from the previous mother church in the Pioppi Vecchi district. After the devastating earthquake of 1783, the building was rebuilt on the site of the Church of Santa Maria delle Grazie, part of the old Dominican monastery founded by Bishop Lauro in 1548. The reconstruction was entrusted to the architect Ermenegildo Sintes, a pupil of Luigi Vanvitelli. However, the original design was modified and reduced in size during the construction phase. The facade of the church, originally built in the Baroque style, underwent several renovations, especially after the 1905 earthquake, giving it a more modern appearance. It has a large stone portal flanked by two niches and a double access staircase. The secondary entrance, framed by an ashlar portal, is located at the foot of the bell tower, which houses three bells and a clock. The interior of the church is characterized by the color white, a symbol of both the Marian title and the Dominican Order. The nave is decorated with arches with friezes and gilded capitals. On the left side is the Altar of Paradise, with an ancient sculptural group depicting the Ascension of Christ from the Convent of San Antonio of the Reformed. The presbytery is dominated by a large painting of the Madonna delle Nevi, protecting the snow-covered village of Girifalco from above, a work by Domenico Cefaly (1932-2003), a descendant of the painter Andrea Cefaly. Other works of art housed in the church include a 17th-century polychrome statue of Saint Rocco from Montpellier, a painting of the Madonna della Neve by Luciano Ricchetti, and the 17th-century Madonna del Garofano. The Mother Church of Santa Maria delle Nevi represents an important spiritual and cultural center for the community of Girifalco, testifying to centuries of history, art, and religious devotion. Text / Source: visitgirifalco.com / Municipality of Girifalco https://visitgirifalco.com/trip/chiesa-matrice-santa-maria-delle-nevi/

Girifalco lies in the center of the Isthmus of Catanzaro. Girifalco lies in the center of the Isthmus of Catanzaro, the narrowest point of the Italian peninsula, at the foot of Monte Covello (848 m above sea level), a subrange of Monte Serralta in the northern Serre region, at an altitude of 456 m above sea level. As some finds in the Caria district show, there were settlements in the upper reaches of the Alessi stream before Magna Graecia. In the early 17th century, Girifalco was a fief of the Caracciolo family and then belonged to the Ravaschieri family. After a few years, the fief returned to the Caracciolo family thanks to the marriage between Duchess Ravaschieri of Girifalco and a certain Annibale Caracciolo. From them was born Fabrizio Caracciolo, second Duke of Girifalco, the creator of a very prosperous period for the feud during his duchy, which lasted from 1634 to 1683 and consolidated the socioeconomic development of the city with the presence of the university and the feudal institution. Duke Caracciolo had the Reformed Convent built in 1635 and donated it to the Friars Minor, who erected a statue in his gratitude and placed it near the convent itself. Mayor Carlo Pacino commissioned important works such as the first municipal hall around the mid-1600s, the extension of the Church of San Rocco, and a few decades later, in 1663, the monumental Baroque fountain. In the 17th century, the inhabited center expanded more and more, and there were several churches (the ones of San Rocco and the matrix of the Pioppi district being the most important), two important monasteries, the Municipal House, the Ducal Palace (the Duke's residence), and even the city's coat of arms was built. At the end of the 18th century, another earthquake struck Calabria and the town of Girifalco, the one of March 28, 1783. The center was destroyed or severely damaged, as was the Pioppi district, including the mother church (already severely damaged in the 1638 earthquake and subsequently renovated), which would never be rebuilt. Its functions were transferred to the church of the Dominican convent, which thus became the new mother church. Text / Source: Comunicazione Girifalco https://unsic.it/comunicazione/girifalco/