Before Landskron Castle was built, there was probably a Salic or Hohenstaufen fortification on the same site, which was owned by King Heinrich V and destroyed in 1118 by the troops of Archbishop Adalbert of Mainz.
The castle itself was probably built in the early 13th century. The oldest surviving written mention of the "Reichsburg Oppenheim" comes from 1244. This castle was destroyed in 1257 and 1275 by the citizens of Oppenheim in a dispute with the Burgmannen over their privileges. However, Rudolf von Habsburg forced the citizens to rebuild the castle by 1281. In 1275 the king pledged the castle to Ruprecht von der Pfalz. Accordingly, Ruprecht had the castle expanded. He was succeeded by his grandson Ruprecht III. as the owner of the castle, who also died there. In 1615, Elector Friedrich V had the castle rebuilt like a palace.
The castle burned down during the Oppenheim town fire in 1621 during the Thirty Years' War. It was only after the Thirty Years' War in 1668 that the castle received its present name "Burg Landskron". During the Palatinate War of Succession, French troops under Ezéchiel du Mas (Mélac) blew up the keep in 1689. In the years that followed, the citizens used the ruins as a quarry.
In the 19th century the ruins became the property of the town of Oppenheim, which in 1875 built a viewing platform on the stump of the keep. In 1978 the castle was transferred to the state of Rhineland-Palatinate. Between 1990 and 1994, the state had the ruins extensively renovated and archaeologically examined.