Jews lived in Fußgönheim from 1684 onwards; a Jewish cemetery existed in the town from 1821 at the latest. The synagogue, built in 1842, burned down on August 19, 1901, but was rebuilt the following year.
In the course of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the Jewish community in Fußgönheim shrank continuously. Jewish residents of the neighboring towns of Dannstadt, Schauernheim and Ellerstadt enabled the religious community to continue to exist until 1928. From that year onwards, services were no longer possible because the Jewish community no longer had a minyan (ten Jewish men of legal age).
An attempt to sell the building to the political municipality of Fußgönheim in 1936 failed because the municipal administration wanted to demolish the building in order to build a through road. Therefore, the synagogue was sold to the savings and loan association (now Raiffeisenbank) in the same year. In 1938, an extension was added and later converted into a grain store for the Raiffeisen cooperative. As a result, the building was spared from the November pogroms of 1938 and was used as a warehouse until 1984. Since 1997, the former synagogue building has been used by the German Potato Museum. Some of the decorative paintings from the Jewish period have been preserved inside.